负绝对温度的理论与实验研究.docVIP

负绝对温度的理论与实验研究 摘要 在地球上的寒冷地区,负温度华氏温度和摄氏温标往往发生在冬天, 然而在物理上,到目前为止负绝对温度是不可能出现的。绝对温标,物理学家也把它叫做开氏温标,一个不能低于零温标——至少在比零开尔文温度高的时候随着温度的降低我们会感觉越来越冷。根据温度在物理上的意义,气体的温度是由混沌运动的粒子决定的——气体温度越低,粒子越慢。在零开尔文(-460°F或-460°C)颗粒停止移动,所有的障碍就消失了。因此,没有什么可以比绝对零度冷开氏温标。慕尼黑大学的物理学家和德国的马克斯·普朗克量子光学研究发现在已经创建了一个原子气体实验室,产生了负的开尔文(科学,2013/01/04)值。这些负绝对温度有几个明显不符实际的结论:尽管气体中的原子相互吸引,产生负压,气体不会崩溃——这一行为也假设了宇宙学中的暗能量，也被认为不可能的热引擎的帮助下可以实现负绝对温度,发动机的热力学效率在100%以上。 关键词：　负绝对温度、粒子数反转、熵、内能 The negative absolute temperature state ABSTRACT In cold regions on earth, negative temperatures on the Fahrenheit or Celsius scale can often occur in winter; in physics, however, they were so far impossible. On the absolute temperature scale that is used by physicists and also called Kelvin scale, one cannot go below zero – at least not in the sense of getting colder than zero Kelvin. According to the physical meaning of temperature, the temperature of a gas is determined by the chaotic movement of its particles – the colder the gas, the slower the particles. At zero Kelvin (-460°F or -273°C) the particles stop moving and all disorder disappears. Thus, nothing can be colder than absolute zero on the Kelvin scale. Physicists of the Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich and the Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics in Garching have now created an atomic gas in the lab that has nonetheless negative Kelvin values (Science, 2013/01/04). These negative absolute temperatures lead to several striking consequences: Although the atoms in the gas attract each other and give rise to a negative pressure, the gas does not collapse – a behavior that is also postulated for dark energy in cosmology. Also supposedly impossible heat engines can be realized with the help of negative absolute temperatures, such as an engine with a thermodynamic efficiency above 100%. “Keywords”：Negative absolute temperature Inversion energy Entropy 第一章.绪论 1.1负绝对温度背景介绍 绝对温标,也被物理学家称为开氏温标,它不可能走到零以下去。根据温度的物理意义,气体的温度是由粒子空间的运动速度决定——气体温度越低,粒子越慢。当温度达到绝对零度时，空间中的粒子就停止不动了。因此,没有什么可以比