3 市场与福利-讲义.pdf

3 Markets and Welfare Outline  Consumer Surplus  Producer Surplus  Market Efficiency Consumer Surplus • Willingness to pay – Maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good – How much that buyer values the good Four Possible Buyers’ Willingness to Pay Buyer Willingness to Pay($) John 100 Paul 80 George 70 Ringo 50 Consumer Surplus • Consumer surplus – Amount a buyer is willing to pay for a good minus amount the buyer actually pays for it – Willingness to pay minus price paid Consumer surplus = Value to buyers – Amount paid by buyers Four Buyers’ Surplus Buyer Willingness to Pay($) Actually Pay($) Consumer Surplus John 100 40 60 Paul 80 40 40 George 70 40 30 Ringo 50 40 10 © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password -protected website for classroom use. • Consumer surplus – Measures the benefit buyers receive from participating in a market – Closely related to the demand curve • Demand schedule – Derived from the willingness to pay of the possible buyers © 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a l