国际课程课件系列之物理boardworks Particle Physics Part 3 - Quarks and antiquarks.pptVIP

* of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 41 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 41 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 41 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 * of 10 ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Quarks Quarks, like leptons, are fundamental particles. They are not thought to be composed of any smaller particles. Hadrons, such as protons and neutrons, are composed of quarks. Quarks and their antiparticles, antiquarks, come in several types, called ‘flavours’: up down strange charm top bottom flavour quark symbol antiquark symbol u d s c t b u d s c t b Properties of quarks Quarks and antiquarks have the properties charge and strangeness (shown below for three flavours of quarks). quark antiquark up down strange up down strange charge strangeness 0 0 –1 0 0 +1 23 + 13 – – 13 – 23 + 13 + 13 Adding up the charge or strangeness for the quarks composing a hadron gives the charge or strangeness of that hadron. For example a hadron composed of two up quarks and a down quark would have charge 2/3 + 2/3 – 1/3 = +1 and strangeness 0. Build a particle 1: mesons Build a particle 2: baryons To make a neutron turn into a proton, as in b– decay, a down quark must turn into an up quark. To make a proton turn into a neutron, as in b+ decay, an up quark must turn into a down quark. Beta decay revisited W– b– d ne u W+ u ne d b+ b+ decay The versions of the b decay Feynman diagrams here show these processes. They take place by the weak force. b– decay Conservation rules Quark combinations: testing Can you apply conservation rules? * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 1 and AS Particle Physics * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 1 and AS Particle Physics Teacher notes Students only need to know about up, down and strange quarks and antiquarks at this level. The others are included for completeness. * ? Boardworks Ltd 2015 Boardworks A-Level Physics Year 1 and AS Particle Physics Teacher notes The example hadron described is