发育生物学与再生医学：Sexual Reproduction_2nd.ppt

Fertilization Fertilization: Fertilization is the process whereby two sex cells (gametes) fuse together to create a new individual with genetic potentials derived from both parents. The effects of ?fertilization: (1) the egg is activated to begin its developmental program; (2) the?haploid?nuclei of the two gametes come together to form the?genome?of a new?diploid?organism Contact and?recognition?between?sperm?and?egg. In most cases, this ensures that the?sperm?and?egg?are of the same species. Regulation of?sperm?entry into the?egg. Only one?sperm?can ultimately fertilize the?egg. This is usually accomplished by allowing only one?sperm?to enter the?egg?and inhibiting any others from entering. Fusion of the genetic material of?sperm?and?egg. Activation of?egg?metabolism to start development. Structure of the Gametes Sperm Are Highly Adapted for Delivering Their DNA to an Egg head and tail head include acrosome(顶体) and haploid nucleus（单倍体核） acrosome is derived from the Golgi apparatus and contains enzymes that digest proteins and complex sugars the haploid nucleus becomes very streamlined, and its DNA becomes tightly compressed sperm is able to travel long distances by whipping its flagellum（鞭毛） The major motor portion of the flagellum is called the axoneme（轴丝） An Egg Is Highly Specialized for Independent Development the egg nucleus is still diploid, and the sperm enters before the meiotic divisions are completed. the egg plasma membrane—— regulate the flow of certain ions during fertilization and must be capable of fusing with the sperm plasma membrane. vitelline envelope( zona pellucida(透明带) in mammalian)—— is essential for the species-specific binding of sperm. cortex：cortical granules?（皮质颗粒） contain digestive enzymes, mucopolysaccharides, adhesive glycoproteins, and hyalin protein, which help prevent more than one sperm from fusing with the egg. Egg structure The bio-chemical components of egg ?Proteins ?Ribosomes and tRNA ?Messenger RNA ?Morphogen