th世纪医学史中文.pptxVIP

1;Vitalism 活力论; 物质以两种根本不同的状态存在，这两种不同状态可以通过他们对于热的不同反应而观察到。这两种物质的状态被称为有机和无机。 无机物可以被融化，但也可以通过移除热度而恢复到原先的状态。; 生命力的概念是一种传统观念，在医学哲学中拥有一个很长的历史： ;Vitalism 活力论;机械主义自然观对医学发展的影响;一、机械主义自然观的形成;二、机械主义自然观在医学中的影响;1、机械主义自然观之下的生命观和疾病观;疾病观：;本体论疾病观的解剖学基础;2、机械主义自然观对诊断和治疗的影响;◆病理解剖学的建立;（2）物理、化学的研究方法;（3）“消除异己”的治疗观念;三、评价机械论自然观对医学的影响;医学模式的转换： ——从机械论模式到整体论模式;Medical Practice 医学实践; 很多时候，普通人在医疗上依赖家庭、朋友和邻居。 The local wisewoman or wiseman who knew herbs and spells(咒语), the blacksmith（铁匠） who set bones, the seventh son of a seventh son, or grandmother and her best recipe: these were the medical resources of first resort for most people. Priests, ministers, and rabbis, and their wives, also visited the sick for solace（安慰） and advice and sometimes to help with nursing. And ladies of the manor showed their noblesse oblige by visits to the homes of dependants, bringing food, medicine, and advice to the sick.;People have definite desires and expectations on healing;Medical sales people ;Medical sales people ;University-educated physicians ;University in 17th Century ;Thomas Sydenham ——the father of clinical medicine;The Father of English Medicine 英国医学之父;Nosology / 疾病分类学;Nosology / 疾病分类学;Acute diseases and Chronic diseases;Acute diseases and Chronic diseases;Pharmacopoeia came into being in Europe; 直到1617年，医药在英国是由药店和食品杂货商共同销售的。在1617年，药店拥有了一种独立的性质，法律规定，食品杂货商不许经营医药。 医生所开药物的制备工作成为药剂师的责任。这使得作为一个配药师的压力大大增加，他们不得不更加准确地配制药物。医学院在1618年5月颁布的药典，医学院的检察官为药剂师管理员赋予权力检查伦敦的药店，??毁了所有没有被忠实地配置的药物。; At this period the compounds employed in medicine were often heterogeneous（多种多样的） mixtures, some of which contained from 20 to 70, or more, ingredients（组分、配料）. And some of them were doubtful.;New medicine from overseas 海外新药;New medicine from overseas; Other introductions to Europe from the Americas included the practice of smoking the dried leaves of the tobacco plant, nicotiana（烟草花）, brought to England by sir walter raleigh in the sixteent