细胞质膜结构和膜上运输.pptxVIP

细胞质膜结构和膜上运输;Plasma Membrane Structure and Function;Fluid-mosaic model of membrane structure;Cells live in fluid environments, with water inside and outside the cell. Hydrophilic (water-loving) polar heads of the phospholipid molecules lie on the outward-facing surfaces of the plasma membrane. Hydrophobic (water-fearing) nonpolar tails extend to the interior of the plasma membrane.;Plasma membrane proteins may be peripheral proteins or integral proteins. Aside from phospholipid, cholesterol is another lipid in animal plasma membranes; related steroids are found in plants. Cholesterol strengthens the plasma membrane.;When phospholipids have carbohydrate chains attached, they are called glycolipids. When proteins have carbohydrate chains attached, they are called glycoproteins. Carbohydrate chains occur only on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane. The outside and inside surfaces of the plasma membrane are not identical.;Channel protein;Carrier protein;Cell recognition protein;In animal cells, the carbohydrate chains of cell recognition proteins are collectively called the glycocalyx. The glycocalyx can function in cell-to-cell recognition, adhesion between cells, and reception of signal molecules. The diversity of carbohydrate chains is enormous, providing each individual with a unique cellular “fingerprint”.;Receptor protein;Enzymatic protein;The Permeability of the Plasma Membrane;How molecules cross the plasma membrane;Movement of materials across a membrane may be passive or active. Passive transport does not use chemical energy; diffusion and facilitated transport are both passive. Active transport requires chemical energy and usually a carrier protein. Exocytosis and endocytosis transport macromolecules across plasma membranes using vesicle formation, which requires energy.;Diffusion ;Process of diffusion;Gas exchange in lungs occurs by diffusion;Osmosis;Osmosis demonstration;Osmosis in cells;Osmosis in plant and animal cells;Hypotonic solutions cause ce