5初级版课件4english vesion英文版abridged chapter8introduction to enzymology.pptx

;Outline;Enzymes are biological catalysts that accelerate the rates of chemical reactions.;Enzymes catalyze the rate at which substrates are converted to product;Enzymes catalyze the conversion of substrates into products;All enzymes are proteins except some RNAs and not all proteins are enzymes It was assumed that all enzymes are proteins until 1982 when Thomas Cech and Sydney Altman discovered catalytic RNAs (Nobel prize in Chemistry, 1989) Catalytic RNA, or ribozymes, satisfy several enzymatic criteria: substrate specificity, enhance reaction rate, and emerge from reaction unchanged;The difference between enzyme catalyzed  uncatalyzed chemical reactions; Enzyme catalyzed reactions are much faster than uncatalyzed reactions; Enzyme catalyzed reactions display saturation kinetics with respect to reactant concentration;Important things to remember about enzymes just like other catalysts;;3. Enzymes do not alter the equilibrium (or equilibrium constant) between substrates and products. ;General Properties of Enzymes;Enzymes lower ?G? but don’t affect ?G for the reaction;;The active site binds the substrates and positions them in the proper orientation for the reaction to occur. The active site contains chemical groups that stabilize the transition state of the reaction. The active site determines the specificity of the enzyme (i.e. it determines whether a particular substrate is bound and whether a particular product is made).;The active site takes up a small part of the total volume of the enzyme The active site is 3-dimensional and is generally found in a crevice or cleft on the enzyme The active site displays highly specific substrate binding The active site is responsible for whether there is ordered or random binding of substrates and release of products;3. Milder reaction conditions: Chemical catalysis often requires high temperatures and pressures and extremes of pH 4. Greater reaction specificity: Enzymes can distinguish between stereoisomeric substrates