人文英语4阅读16篇.docxVIP

人文英语4阅读16篇  PAGE　  PAGE　15  E  English for the Humanities 4  Unit One  Task 5  British TV  Television broadcasting started in the United Kingdom in 1936 as a public service free of advertising. Now there is a collection of free and subscription services over a variety of distribution media, through which there are over 480 channels for consumers as well as ondemand content. There are six main channel owners who are responsible for most viewing. On October 24, 2021, all television broadcasts in the United Kingdom were in a digital format. Digital content is delivered via terrestrial means, satellite and cable as well as over IP.  In 1953 the Conservative Government introduced a bill to make arrangements for commercial television. This was opposed very strongly by the Labor and Liberal Parties, but the bill was passed and commercial television now flourishes. The Independent Television Act created an Independent Television Authority, which exercises general supervision.  One disadvantage of the present system is that the BBC and Independent Television often both put out programs of the same type at the same time. This forces the viewer to choose between two similar things but not two entirely different forms of entertainment.  In the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies, any household watching or recording live television transmissions as they are being broadcast (terrestrial, satellite, cable, or internet) is required to hold a television license. Since April 1, 2021 the annual license fee has been ￡145.50 for color and ￡49.00 for black and white. Thus, the license fee made up the bulk of the BBC’s total income of ￡5.102 billion in 2021–2021.  英国电视  1936年，电视广播最初作为一项没有广告的公共服务媒体在英国兴起。现在，各种传播媒体可为消费者供应480多个频道及点播内容，其中既有免费服务也有付费服务。有六大频道经营商负责绝大部分电视节目的播出和收视。2021年10月24日，英国全部的电视广播都采纳了数码格式。数字内容是通过地面设施、卫星、电缆以及互联网协议传送的。  1953年，保守党政府提出了一项议案，支配设立商业电视。这遭到工党和自由党的剧烈反对，但这项议案最终得以通过。现在，商业电视遍地开花，欣欣向荣。独立电视法案促成独立电视管理局的设立，由其行使监管权。  现有系统的一个缺点是，BBC和独立电视台常常