共价键和形状的分子教学课件电子教案全套课件.pptxVIP

Covalent Bonding and Shapes of Molecules;;1.1 Electronic structure of atoms ;;Electronic structure of atoms ;; Shapes of Atomic Orbitals ;;;Rules for determining the ground-state electron configuration of an atom ;Lewis Structure;;1.2 Lewis Model of bonding ;??? Formation of Chemical Bonds Anion: An atom or group of atoms bearing a negative charge. Cation: An atom or group of atoms bearing a positive charge. Ionic bond: A chemical bond resulting from the electrostatic attraction of an anion and a cation. Covalent bond: A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons. ;Electronegativity and Chemical Bonds Electronegativity: A measure of the force of an atom’s attraction for electrons it shares in a chemical bond with another atom. Pauling Scale: Fluorine: 4.0. All other elements are assigned values in relation to fluorine.;Within a Periodic Table: Electronegativity values increase from left to right and decrease from top to bottom within a group. Electronegativity values of a particular element depends not only on its position in the Periodic Table but also on its oxidation state. ;Guidelines for Drawing Lewis structures of Molecules and Ions ;A pair of electrons involved in a covalent bond (bonding electrons) is shown as a single bond; an unshared (nonbonding) pair of electrons is shown as a pair of dots. Single bond: two atoms share one pair of electrons. Double bond: two atoms share two pairs of electrons. Triple bond: two atoms share three pairs of electrons. ; Formal Charge: The charge on an atom in a molecule or polyatomic ion.;;Polar and Nonpolar Molecules ;;Resonance ;The Theory of resonance ;Rules for writing acceptable contributing structures ;Valence Bond Model of Covalent Bonding ;Hybridization of atomic orbitals ;; Sp3 hybrid orbitals – Bond angles of approximately 109.5o Sp2 hybrid orbitals – Bond angles of approximately 120o Sp hybrid orbitals – Bond angles of approximately 180o ;Chapter 7 – Benzene and