昆虫形态学课件-呼吸系统与神经系统.pptVIP

Suboesophageal ganglia 咽下神经节 - complex of fused ganglia Located ventrally in the head capsule ? Paired circumoesophageal connectives 围咽神经索 From the dorsal brain to the ventral nerve cord Loop around the digestive system to link the brain and suboesophageal complex together Tritocerebrum commissures 围咽神经连锁 Three pairs of thoracic ganglia 胸神经节 (sometimes fused) control locomotion by innervating the legs and wings Abdominal ganglia 腹神经节 control movements of abdominal muscles A=brain, B=suboesophageal, C=prothoracic, D=mesothoracic, E=metathoracic+1st 3 abdominal, F=4th abdominal, G=5th abdominal, H=sixth abdominal, I=seventh abdominal, J=terminal ganglion. (2) Sympathetic nervous system交感神经系统 A. Median nerve 中神经: Common in the body of larvae 位于腹神经索前后两个神经节的神经索之间（可能由于并入腹神经索的原因，其他虫期难以见到） Usually with a pair of branch that innervate the spiracles B. Caudal / terminal ganglion 腹末复合神经节 C. Stomodaeal nervous system 口道神经系统 (See below) C. Stomodaeal nervous system 口道神经系统 包括额神经节、后头神经节及其发出的神经纤维 为口器、前肠和背血管活动的控制中心 (Details see below) The Stomodaeal Nervous System 口道神经系统 - Innervates insects internal organs A pair of frontal nerves 额神经 arising near the base of the tritocerebrum 后脑 link the brain with a frontal ganglion 额神经节 (unpaired) A recurrent nerve 逆走神经 connects the frontal ganglion with a hypocerebral ganglion 后头神经节 innervates the heart, corpora cardiaca 心侧体, and portions of the foregut? Gastric nerves 胃神经 arising from the hypocerebral ganglion 后头神经节 run posteriorly to ingluvial ganglia 嗉囊神经节 (paired) in the abdomen innervate the hind gut 额神经节 额神经索 逆走神经 后头神经节 视 叶 咽下神经节 胃神经 围咽神经索 Stomodaeal Nervous System 口道神经系统 (3) Peripheral nervous system 周缘神经系统 Includes all the sensory and motor neurons and the receptors they connected 所有的感觉神经元、运动神经元及其神经纤维组成的神经网络，主要分布在软体幼虫的体表 Most overt behavior (e.g. feeding, locomotion, mating, etc.) is integrated and controlled by segmental ganglia instead of the brain? In some cases, the brain may stimulate or inhibit activity in segment