光纤通信第五版 第5章 光纤波导.pptVIP

* NUMERICAL APERTURE Example: Plot NA if NA 0.24 1 0 * NUMERICAL APERTURE GRIN 光纤的耦合效率比阶跃折射率光纤小因为入射到纤芯边缘处的光线很难传输. * NUMERICAL APERTURE 考虑纤芯折射率公式: 如果? = 2, 变为抛物线分布. 如果? = ?, 变为 n( r) = n1, r ? a 阶跃折射率分布. Section 5.3 衰减 如果接收端的信号很小，会很难被探测，信号不清晰或者发生传输错误。因此光纤的损耗是一个必须要研究的问题。 ATTENUATION 5.3.1 玻璃 通过在玻璃中掺杂其它离子来改变折射率分布 结论：具有极高化学纯度的高石英含量的玻璃可以制作低损耗的光纤。 * Glass 损耗主要由以下三种引起: Absorption吸收 Scattering 散射 Geometric effects几何效应 5.3.2 吸收 1. Intrinsic Absorption本征损耗 所有材料都会吸收某些频段的波长 玻璃在紫外会出现一个吸收峰。在红外 7 to 12 ?m 区域也会有吸收峰. * 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 ATTENUATION (dB/km) WAVELENGTH (?m) 0.5 0.6 0.7 1 1.2 1.5 2 3 5 10 Absorption for a Silica Glass Fiber Glass Absorption in UV Glass Absorption in IR Absorption 2. Impurities杂质 (a) Metal ions金属离子 Fe, Cu, and Ni, 在 0.6 - 1.6 ?m 范围内吸收 (b) Hydroxyl ion (OH)OH根离子 OH根离子是最主要的损耗. OH根离子吸收损耗主要发生在 2.73, 1.37, 1.23，0.95 ?m. Absorption 3. Atomic Defects原子缺陷 Gamma ray, x-ray, neutron, and electron bombardment cause atomic changes which are absorbing. Some fibers darken when irradiated and later clear up when the radiation is removed. Absorption The molecules in glass are randomly located. Why? The glass was formed using heat, which caused a random movement of the molecules. When the glass solidified the molecules were frozen in their random locations. The result is a random density. This yields a random refractive index through the material. Thus, photons will be scattered at the random boundaries of the changing refractive indices. * Rayleigh Scattering ：当对象尺寸与波长相比拟时，电磁波会发射散射，与波长相关 As ? decreases the scattering increases greatly. 5.3.3 Rayleigh Scattering瑞利散射 考虑场的损耗公式. It is 损耗可以被近似为 Rayleigh Scattering 对于Rayleigh scattering而言, 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 ATTENUATION (dB/km) WAVELENGTH (?m) 0.5 0.6 0.7 1 1.2 1.5 2 3 5 10 Attenuation for a Silica Glass Fiber Rayleigh Scattering Loss OH Absorption Peak Rayleigh Scattering 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 A