科技进步与知识经济1.pptxVIP

科技进步与知识经济; 科技进步与知识经济;摘 要;;Scientific and Technological Progress and The Knowledge Based Economy;Abstract The economists have found what science and technology is the first factor in the productivity, or for short , namely the first productivity, in the middle of the 20th century. After that they have found the role of knowledge in the productivity, determined that the whole world has gone into the times of knowledge based economy, and given the concept of knowledge based economy. The series of these foundations and concept resulted in that the economists gained deeply understanding for the roles of scientific and technological progress and modern education in the productivity. This cognition also resulted in government officials to respond to the role of the knowledge and education in productivity, so that the government officials and the other managers of the social organizations in the most of nations in the world deeply understood to the role of education, and supported to the development of the education, especially to that of the high education. If obtained the measures of knowledge in productivity, one can more accurately explain the effects of the education and relative scientific studies input in economy in order to provide the reason why the education and the studies should be improved. Key Words Scientific and Technological Progress; Knowledge Based Economy ;1、引言;进而得出相对静态增长方程: (1.2) 并根据美国1870-1953年的实际统计数据得到： ;因而， 也就是说，从增长的角度来看，新古典主义经济模型所关注的要素----劳动力〔L〕和资本〔K〕，它们的增长对产出的奉献率，合起来仅占50%，而未被统计的因素，即Harrod-Domar 余项〔或称残差项〕的增长的奉献率却也占到了50%。这是一项惊人的发现。增长率，也就是生产力〔Productivity〕。;这意味着，截止于20世纪中期，美国近百年的经济开展中，资本的增长和劳动力的增长，对产出增长的奉献，合起来仅占50％，还有 50％属于其它因素的增长所做出的[1]。这些其它因素，大体都包括哪些，人们是能够觉察的，而要精确地测度它们，还难以做到[1]148。但从统计核算的角度，可以把它们定义为残差项(Residual term)[2]。人们容易发现，在这个残差项中，显然包含有管理作用、知识程度、制度变化和环境协调等。其中，管理作用和知识程度综合起来可以看作是综合技术，或称抽;象技术(Abstract Technology)；而制度变化和环境协调等综合起来看作是综合机制， 或称抽象机制(Abstract Mechanism)。人们在经验中已经知道，除了