土壤空气和热量状况课件.pptxVIP

土壤空气和热量状况 第一节 土壤空气 Soil air The gaseous constituents of soil air are derived largely from the atmosphere, the respiration and metabolism of soil organisms, and from the evaporation of soil moisture. Soil air is continuous with the atmosphere, ensures the free movement and exchange of gases.土壤空气来源： 近地表大气 土壤微生物的呼吸和代谢 土壤水分的蒸发一、土壤空气的组成 Soil air composition土壤空气与大气组成的差别（volume%)O2(%)CO2(%)N2 (%)其它气体(%)atmosphere20.940.0378.050.98soil air18.0～20.030.15～0.6578.8～80.240.98 Main different between soil air and atmosphere：CO2 content in soil air was higher than that in atmosphere.O2 content in soil air was lower than that in atmosphere.Vapor content in soil air was higher than that in atmosphere. Soil air is composed of more reducing gases. Soil air content 土壤空气含量soil air content (v%) = total porosity(%) - soil water content(v%) 土壤空气的组成含量不是固定不变的，土壤水分、土壤生物活动、土壤深度、土壤温度、pH值，季节变化及栽培措施等都会影响土壤空气变化。 随着土壤深度增加，土壤空气中CO2含量增加，O2含量减少，其含量相互消长。 ContentSoil depthCO2O2二、土壤气体的运动和交换 The movement and exchange of soil gasesThe gases move along gradients of partial pressure. Oxygen will tend to migrate from the atmosphere where its partial pressure is high into the soil where it is low. Carbon dioxide and water vapour will tend to migrate from the soil into the atmosphere.Movement of gases may occur by diffusion, mass flow or in dissolved form.The balance between levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in soil air depends largely on the rate of respiration of soil organisms and on the diffusivity characteristics of the soil.Mass flow 质流（对流） 土壤与大气间由总压力梯度推动的气体整体流动。 对流方向：高压区 低压区总压力梯度的产生： 气压变化、温度梯度、土壤表层风力、降水或灌溉等。 土壤空气对流方程： 空气对流量随土壤透气率和气压梯度增加而增大Qv—空气的容积对流量（单位时间通过单位横截面积的空气容积） “-”—表示方向 k—通气孔隙通气率Η—土壤空气的粘度 p—土壤空气压力的三维（向）梯度qv=-(k/η)▽pDiffusion 扩散 在大气和土壤之间CO2和O2浓度的不同形成分压梯度，驱使土壤从大气中吸收O2，同时排出CO2的气体扩散作用，称为土壤呼吸。是土壤与大气交换的主要机制。 通过充气孔隙扩散保持着大气和土壤间的气体交流作用扩散过程气相扩散液相扩散通过不同厚度水膜的扩散 扩散公式——Fick law： qd——扩散通量(单位时间通过单位面 积扩散的质量) dc/dx--浓度梯度； “-”—表示方向 D--扩散系数(面积/时间) 扩散通量(qd)与其扩散系数(D)和浓度梯度(