2009年PuMAC数学竞赛幂测试题解与格论问题.pdfVIP

PuMAC2009-10PowerTestSolution

AVersion

21Problems;86Points

1Notation

Throughoutthesolutionswewillreferto{(1,0,...,0),(0,1,...,0),...,(0,0,...,1)}asthe

n

standardbasisofZ.Thevectorwiththeithentryequaltooneandtherestzerowillbe

denotedbye~.

i

2Lattices(4Problems;15Points)

Problem2.1(3pts).Whatareallthelatticesindimensionone(Thatis,specifytheir

generalforminthesimptpossibleterms).

LetLbealatticeofdimension1.IfL6{0},Lcontainsasmaltpositiveinteger

d.WeclaimthatL=dZ.Supposea∈L.Bythedivisionalgorithm,writea=qd+r,0

≤rd.Thenra−qd∈Landhencer0bytheminimalityofd.Thusd|a,which

showsL⊂dZ.Theoppositecontainmentisobvious.Including{0},L=dZfornonneive

integersd.

Problem2.2(4pts).ProvethatthelatticeindimensionngeneratedbyasetSisfullif

andonlyifeveryvectorinZnisexpressibleasarationallinearcombinationofvectorsin

P

S,i.e.ifevery~a∈Znisexpressibleintheformax,wherex∈Sanda∈Q.

iiii

n

SupposelatticeLgeneratedbySisfull.Thengiven~a∈Z,N~a∈Lforsomepositive

integerN,soN~acanbewrittenasanintegrallinearcombinationof