关联理论（交际培训课件）.pptVIP

关联理论 Relevance theory Sperber Wilson The form of Relevance theory In 1986, Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson drew attention to the central importance of relevance decisions in reasoning and communication. They proposed an account of the process of inferring relevant information from any given utterance. To do this work, they used what they called the Principle of Relevance: namely, the position that any utterance addressed to someone automatically conveys the presumption of its own optimal relevance. The central idea of Sperber and Wilsons theory is that all utterances are encountered in some context, and the correct interpretation of a particular utterance is the one that allows most new implications to be made in that context on the basis of the least amount of information necessary to convey it. For Sperber and Wilson, relevance is conceived as relative or subjective, as it depends upon the state of knowledge of a hearer when they encounter an utterance. Explanation of Relevance theory Sperber and Wilson stress that this theory is not intended to account for every intuitive application of the English word relevance. Relevance, as a technical term, is restricted to relationships between utterances and interpretations, and so the theory cannot account for intuitions such as the one that relevance relationships obtain in problems involving physical objects. If a plumber needs to fix a leaky faucet, for example, some objects and tools are relevant (i.e. a wrench) and others are not (i.e. a waffle iron). And, moreover, the latter seems to be irrelevant in a manner which does not depend upon the plumbers knowledge, or the utterances used to describe the problem. 关联性 所谓关联性,根据Sperber 和Wilson 的观点:话语的内容、语境和各种暗含,使听话人对话语产生不同的理解;但听话人不一定在任何场合下对话语所表达的全部意义都得到理解;他只用一个单一的、普通的标准去理解话语;这个标准足以使听话人认定一种唯一可行的理解;这个标准就是关联性。(该译文引自何自然、冉永平,1998) 关联理论的中心观点是,人类交际中关键是产生最佳关联的期待,即,期待听者在作言语理解时,能够实现以最小的处理代价获得最大的语境效果。这被认为是人类的一种心理,被关联理论表述为下面的关联原则:每一个明示交际行为交际时都假定有自己的最佳关联性。这样,每当人们交际时,都自动地含有这样的假设,即认为听