美国欧洲农产品贸易的技术性贸易壁垒外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Technical Trade Barriers in US/Europe Agricultural Trade Material Source: Silvia Weyerbrock.Technical Trade Barriers in US/Europe Agricultural Trade[D].Newark：University of Delaware，2000． Author: Silvia Weyerbrock Abstract Technical barriers strongly affect US/European agricultural and food trade. A 1996 USDA survey identifies 57 questionable European regulations affecting US agricultural exports with an estimated trade impact of $899.55 million. This article identifies European and US technical regulations that impede bilateral trade. The article provides a background for case studies and draws conclusions regarding the future role of technical barriers. We expect that technical barriers in US/Europe trade will proliferate in the future because of changes in trade rules, higher demand for food safety and various food quality attributes, and EU membership of Eastern European countries. What is a Technical Barrier to Trade? US/Europe agricultural trade is strongly affected by technical barriers to trade. As mentioned above there is no commonly agreed upon definition of technical barriers to trade. Researchers have proposed definitions based on intent, economic impact, and instruments used. In this survey we follow a definition proposed by Thornsbury et al. (1997) and Roberts and DeRemer (1997). They define technical barriers as “internationally divergent regulations and standards governing the sale of products in national markets which have as their prima facie objective the correction of market inefficiencies stemming from externalities associated with the production, distribution, and consumption of these products.” This definition includes standards of identity, measure, and quality, and SPS, global commons, and packaging measures. It, however, excludes incentive measures such as subsidies and taxes (Roberts DeRemer, 1997). In addition to the technical regulations, Roberts and DeRemer stress that demonstrating conformity to a foreign regulation can be a t