产业集群与产业集群的分析外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 Industry Clusters and Industry Cluster Analysis Material Source: Regional Economic Development, Second Edition Author: Robert?J.?Stimson, Roger?R.?Stough and Brian?H.?Roberts 6.3.2 Attributes of Clusters There are three significant attributes associated with contemporary notions of industry clusters: (a) Shared end-markets. This typically includes companies that produce similar goods for several markets, and have similar relationships with customers, with other industries, wholesale retail trade sectors or directly with consumers. End customers can be separated into buyers that sell their products to wholesalers or intermediaries. (b) Strong buyer-supplier linkages. Clusters tend to have important relationships with suppliers. This characteristic has become more important as industries have decreased their degree of vertical integration and out-sourced inputs into production. (c) Shared technology and know-how. Clusters are likely to share technologies, information and skills in their work. This is particularly true on knowledge-based industries where a close association of skilled workers helps to create a synergy of new ideas and foster innovation. Shared occupational characteristics are important as an indicator of technology utilization as a large part of all technology transfer takes place through the hiring of skilled workers. In regions such as California’s Silicon Valley in the San Francisco Bay Area, the mobility of workers between member companies in an industrial cluster is one of the primary modes of technology diffusion, despite attempts to hold staff and valuable intellectual property through high industry pensions and other attractive incentives. 6.3.3. The Role of Clusters and the Economic Development Process Much of the research on the appropriate role of industry clusters in the economic development process has been focused on the definition of a cluster (Jacobs and de Man 1996; Roelandt et al 1997; Rosenfeld 1997). While no single def