全球服装价值链，贸易和金融危机：发展中国家的挑战和机遇外文翻译.docVIP

外文翻译 原文 The global apparel value chain, trade and the crisis: challenges and opportunities for developing countries Material Source: No. 5281, Policy Research Author: Gary Gereffi Working Paper Series from The World Bank，2010 Apparel is one of the oldest and largest export industries in the world. It is also one of the most global industries because most nations produce for the international textile and apparel market. Apparel production is a springboard for national development, and often is the typical starter industry for countries engaged in export-oriented industrialization due to its low fixed costs and emphasis on labor-intensive manufacturing (Adhikari Weeratunge, 2006; Gereffi, 1999). Although the global apparel industry has been expanding at a rapid rate since the early 1970s and providing employment to tens of millions of workers in some of the least-developed countries in the world, the industry has experienced two major crises in the past five years. The first crisis is regulatory. The Multi-Fiber Arrangement (MFA), which established quotas and preferential tariffs on apparel and textile items imported by the United States, Canada, and many European nations since the early 1970s, was phased out by the World Trade Organization (WTO) between 1995 and 2005 via its Agreement on Textiles and Clothing. The concern of many poor and small developing economies that relied on apparel exports was that they would be pushed out of the global trading system by much larger, low-cost rivals, such as China, India, and Bangladesh. The second crisis is economic. The recent global recession, which was sparked by the banking meltdown in the United States in 2008 and quickly spread to most of the major industrialized and developing economies, brought the world to the brink of the most severe economic crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Plant closures and worker layoffs in the industrialized nations led to slumping