分子生物学(中英对照有备注)1.pptVIP

* So far, we have discussed that proteins can fold into complicated 3D structures. Now, let’s examine what physical interactions happen in the process of protein folding. Generally, there are five types of physical interactions that are involved in protein folding: covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding, Van der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interaction. 到现在为止，我们已经讨论了蛋白质可以折叠成复杂的3D结构。现在，让我们来看一看在蛋白质折叠过程中发生了什么物理相互作用。一般来说，在蛋白质折叠过程中存在五种物理相互作用，即：共价键、氢键、离子键、范德华力以及疏水相互作用。 * The first kind of physical interactions we are going to discuss is covalent bond. Covalent bond is the strongest bond that joins atoms. Covalent bonding occurs when a pair of electrons is shared between two atoms. As it is shown here, two electrons from two hydrogen atoms are shared between these two atoms. A single covalent bond is formed. 我们要讨论的第一种物理相互作用是共价键。共价键是能将原子连接在一起的最强的键。共价键是在一对电子被两个原子共享时形成的。如图所示，两个电子被两个氢原子共享，形成了一个共价键。 * There are many covalent bonds in a protein molecule. The peptide bonds are covalent bonds. The bonds within amino acids are also covalent bonds. 在一个蛋白质分子中存在许多共价键，肽键就是共价键，氨基酸内部的化学键也是共价键。 * In one case, covalent bonds can form between amino acids that are not adjacent in the polypeptide. This is only possible between two cysteines. Each cysteine has a sulfhydryl group (─SH). Two sulfhydryl groups can react to form a covalent bond, called a disulfide bond. The disulfide bond can hold distant parts of the protein together very tightly. 只有在一种情形下，共价键可以在多肽中并不相邻的两个氨基酸之间形成。这只有在半胱氨酸之间才有可能，半胱氨酸含有─SH基团。两个─SH基团反应形成共价键，称为二硫键，它能把蛋白质中相距很远的部分紧密地连接在一起。 * The second kind of physical interactions involved in protein folding is the hydrogen bond. Hydrogen bonding is the result of interactions between partial negative charges and partial positive charges. For example, in water molecules, the oxygen atom brings partial negative charge, and the hydrogen atoms bring partial positive charges. The interaction between these oxygen and hydrogen atoms forms the hydrogen bond. 蛋白质折叠中涉及的第二种