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论保证合同与主合同的关系
摘
要
对保证合同与主合同关系的把握,实质在于对从属性理论的把握。
传统理论把从属性视为保证合同的本质属性。但随着独立保证的兴起,
该理论遭遇到了巨大的挑战,并由此而引起从属性保证抑或独立性保证
在理论、立法与适用上的混乱。
审视保证制度的发展脉络可以发现,被视为从属性理论根源的罗马
法,对从属性的态度并非如一;而在近代,各国大量出现了对从属性突
破的立法;到了现代,面对国际贸易的迅速发展,从属性被彻底地突破
了。由此,从属性并非保证合同的本质属性,它只是为保护保证人利益
而作的一种法律拟制。
从理论层面看,主合同无效并不能导致保证合同也无效,坚持保证
效力上的从属性会带来一系列的理论问题。保证实为一种附生效条件的
法律行为,这是支撑保证存在并发挥作用的决定性因素。
承认从属性并非保证的本质属性,并不意味着要完全抛弃从属性。
在尊重当事人意思自治的前提下,一般而言,对于民事保证、无偿保证,
法律应当赋予其从属性;而对于商事保证、有偿保证,法律应当赋予其
独立性。
在此基础上,主合同变更与保证合同、主合同解除与保证合同这两
个困惑理论界已久的问题也迎刃而解。
关键词:保证,从属性,保证合同,主合同
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A DISSERTATION ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
THE GURANTEE CONTRACT AND THE PRINCIPAL
CONTRACT
ABSTRACT
In order to know the relationship between the guarantee contract and
the principal contract, we should know the guarantees dependence theory.
Traditional theory seems the dependence as the guarantee contracts essential
attribute. But with the development of independent guarantee, the theory is
facing a tremendous challenge.
Surveying the historical development of guarantee, we can find that
there were different attitudes to dependence theory in Roman law. In modern
times, some legislation broke the dependence. And now facing the
development of international trade, it was completely broken. So the
dependence is not the guarantee contracts essential attribute, it is just a legal
fiction.
Theoretically, the invalidity of the principal contract can not lead to the
invalidity of guarantee contract. Adherencing to dependence in legal effect
may cause many theoretical issues. Guarantee is a king of juristic act subject
to conditions, which is a decisive factor to its existence.
However, it does not mean we should completely abandon the
dependence theory. Generally, the civil guarantee and gratuitous guarantee
should have the quality of dependence; but the commercial guarantee and
the guarantee for value should have the quality of independence.
Based on the aforesaid analyses, effects of contract alteration and
dissolution on guarantee can be read
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