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Lesson 4 Activity 1 Revision Activity 2 Nida’s theory of translation ----New Attitudes with Respect to the Receptor Language Passage 1 First of all, it is essential to recognize that each language has its own genius. That is to say, each language has certain distinctive characteristics, e.g., word-building capacities, unique patterns of phrase order, techniques for linking clauses into sentences, markers of discourse, and special discourse types of poetry, proverbs, and songs. Each language is also rich in vocabulary for the areas of cultural focus, e.g. cattle in Sudan, hunting and fishing in Peru, or technology in the western world. Passage 1 Summary Each language has its own genius Passage 2 When translating, one must respect the features of the receptor language and exploit its potentialities to the greatest possible extent. There are some unfortunate cases where translators have actually tried to “remake” a language. For example, one missionary in Latin America insisted on introducing the passive voice of the verb into a language which had no such form. Not surprisingly, his efforts turned out to be futile. One must simply accept the fact that there are many languages which do not have a passive voice. They merely choose to report actions only as active. Passage 2 Summary To communicate effectively one must respect the genius of each language. Passage 3 Some translators do not see how people who have no snow can understand a passage that speaks about “white as snow”. The answer to this question is varied. Firstly, many people have a word for snow even if they have not themselves experienced it. Secondly, in other instances, people do not know snow, but they do have “frost” and they speak about the two with the same term. Thirdly, many languages have other equivalent idioms, e.g., “white as egret feathers”, or “white as fungus (if there is an especially white form of fungus). The point is that snow as an object is not crucial to the