Data Warehousing资料仓储.ppt

* Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques * Kinds of Exceptions and their Computation Parameters SelfExp: surprise of cell relative to other cells at same level of aggregation InExp: surprise beneath the cell PathExp: surprise beneath cell for each drill-down path Computation of exception indicator (modeling fitting and computing SelfExp, InExp, and PathExp values) can be overlapped with cube construction Exception themselves can be stored, indexed and retrieved like precomputed aggregates * Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques * Examples: Discovery-Driven Data Cubes * Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques * Complex Aggregation at Multiple Granularities: Multi-Feature Cubes Multi-feature cubes (Ross, et al. 1998): Compute complex queries involving multiple dependent aggregates at multiple granularities Ex. Grouping by all subsets of {item, region, month}, find the maximum price in 1997 for each group, and the total sales among all maximum price tuples select item, region, month, max(price), sum(R.sales) from purchases where year = 1997 cube by item, region, month: R such that R.price = max(price) Continuing the last example, among the max price tuples, find the min and max shelf live, and find the fraction of the total sales due to tuple that have min shelf life within the set of all max price tuples * Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques * Cube-Gradient (Cubegrade) Analysis of changes of sophisticated measures in multi-dimensional spaces Query: changes of average house price in Vancouver in ‘00 comparing against ’99 Answer: Apts in West went down 20%, houses in Metrotown went up 10% Cubegrade problem by Imielinski et al. Changes in dimensions ? changes in measures Drill-down, roll-up, and mutation * Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques * From Cubegrade to Multi-dimensional Constrained Gradients in Data Cubes Significantly more expressive than association rules Capture trends in user-specified measures Serious challenges Many trivial cells in a cube ? “significance co