Lecture 18 Polyelectronic Atoms.ppt

Lecture 18: Polyelectronic Atoms Reading: Zumdahl 12.10-12.13 Outline: Spin The Aufbau Principle Filling up orbitals and the Periodic Table H-atom wavefunctions H-atom wavefunctions Orbitals Spin Further experiments demonstrated the need for one more quantum number. Specifically, some particles (electrons in particular) demonstrated inherent angular momentum. Spin (cont.) The new quantum number is ms (analagous to ml). For the electron, ms has two values: +1/2 and -1/2 The Aufbau Principal For polyelectronic atoms, a direct solution of the Schrodinger Eq. is not possible. When we construct polyelectronic atoms, we use the hydrogen-atom orbital nomenclature to discuss in which orbitals the electrons reside. This is an approximation (and it is surprising how well it actually works). The Aufbau Principal (cont.) When placing electrons into orbitals in the construction of polyelectronic atoms, we use the Aufbau Principle. The Aufbau Principal (cont.) Finally, orbitals are filled starting from the lowest energy. The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) The Aufbau Principal (cont.) Summary Electrons go into hydrogen-like orbitals to construct polyelectronic atoms. * ? The Coulombic potential can be generalized: Z ? Z = atomic number (= 1 for hydrogen) ? If we solve the Schrodinger equation using this potential, we find that the energy levels are quantized: ? n is the principle quantum number, and ranges from 1 to infinity. Quantum Numbers and Orbitals n l Orbital ml # of Orb. 0 1s 0 1 0 2s 0 1 1 2p -1, 0, 1 3 0 3s 0