章细胞分化－杨.ppt

细胞分化与再生 Differentiation in Animal Cells Some animals cells can differentiate to grow back an injured body part A new tail grew next to the injured one Some crustaceans can regrow a lost limb 小结 Large organisms contain many cells, and the human body contains billions of cells of many different types. * （细胞分化：由一个受精卵细胞经过增殖和分裂，产生在形态结构和生理功能上保持稳定的细胞类群的过程） * TWO Stages:--Embryonic development胚胎期发育--Postembryonic development胚胎后发育 Before gastrulation, cells formed are without recognized differences. With conception, when the egg is fertilized by the sperm, the result is zugotis, the first cell which developes in the developing organism. The zygotis is divided into 2, 4, and 8 cells (multipotent cells) up to the stage of the blastocyte (70-100 cells). At the blastocyte stage, there is the first differentiation of the cells into two categories, the embryoblast and the trophoblast. The cells of the embryoblast are the embryonic stem cells (pluripotent). The next stage of embryonic development, the gastridio, there is the differentiation of cells into three layers, the ectoderm, the mesoderm, and the endoderm. The cells of these layers are multipotent. * * 细胞分化的一般规律：在胚胎发育过程中，细胞逐渐由“全能”到“多能”，最后向“单能”的趋向。 细胞决定：在个体发育过程中，细胞在发生可识别的分化特征之前，就已经确定了未来的发育命运，只能向特定方向分化的状态。 In the past 15 years or so, the development of new molecular tools (see GFP) and major advances in optical microscopy (see microscopy) have made cell lineage tracing easier and more dynamic [1][2]. This technique is used to study cells as they are differentiating into their final cell fates. Merely observing a cell as it becomes differentiated (see Cell differentiation) during embryogenesis provides no indication of the mechanisms that drive the specification. Therefore, the addition of molecular manipulation techniques, including gene and protein knock downs, knock outs and overexpression, along with live cell imaging techniques has been transformational in understanding what mechanisms are involved with cell fate de