Diode and Transistor.docVIP

Diode and Transistor What is forward bias? What are the electrical properties of junction or diode? What are the arrangements of two-junction transistor? Text PN Junction diode When a free electron meets a moving hole in a semiconductor material, the electron occupies the free space and a positive or negative charge no longer exists, that is, the charge is neutralized. When a P-type crystal are joined to make a single semiconductor, as shown in Fig.1-1, current will flow in one direction only. As an example, when a power source is connected to the semiconductor as shown in Fig.1-2, the semiconductor is said to be forward biased. Fig.1-1 The basic crystal junction Fig.1-2 Forward biased connection in The holes will be repelled toward the junction by the positively charged battery terminal, whereas the electrons are pushed toward the junction by the battery’s negative terminal. At the junction, the electrons combine with the holes. Electrons enter the semiconductor at the N terminal to replace the electrons that have combined with the holes. Likewise, electrons leave the P terminal by attraction of positive voltage, which creates new holes. This movement of electrons, from the negative voltage source through the junction and from the positive terminal of semiconductor to positive voltage source , creates a current flow. Thus current will flow in a semiconductor when the semiconductor is forward biased. When the polarity of the power source is reversed, the semiconductor is said to be reverse biased. The holes are moved away from the junction by the negative voltage, whereas the electrons are drawn the junction by the positive voltage. Thus there is little or no combining of electrons and holes at the junction, and no current will flow. In practical terms, there will always be a few electrons and holes near the junction, allowing a very small current to pass. This small current is known as leakage current and is usually in the order of a few microamperes or possibly