實验设计氯化铵的制备.docVIP

The Production of NH4Cl Purposes (1) to master some fundamental operation of performing an experiment. (2) to confirm the relation of the solubility of salt and temperature. (3) to master the method to determine the percentage yield of nitrogen. Principles (1) 2NaCl + (NH4)2SO4 ? Na2SO4? + 2 NH4Cl (2) solubility data T /℃ 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 NaCl 35.7 35.8 36 36.2 36.5 36.8 37.3 37.6 38.1 38.6 39.2 (NH4)2SO4 70.6 73 75.4 78 81 84.8 88 91.6 95.3 99.2 103.3 Na2SO4·10H2O 4.7 9.1 20.4 41 / / / / / / / Na2SO4 / / / 49.7 48.2 46.7 45.2 44.1 43.3 42.7 42.3 NH4Cl 29.7 33.3 37.2 41.4 45.8 50.4 55.2 60.2 65.6 71.3 77.3 (3) NH4Cl ~ 12(NH4)2SO4 53.5u ~ 66u 20 g ~ 25 g m[(NH4)2SO4] = M[(NH4)2SO4] × m(NH4Cl) / M(NH4Cl) = 66 × 20 / 53.5 ≈ 25 (g) (4) NH4Cl ~ NaCl 53.5u ~ 58.5u 20 g ~ 22 g m(NaCl) = M(NaCl) × m(NH4Cl) / M(NH4Cl) = 58.5 × 20 / 53.5 ≈ 22 (g) (5) Based on the solubility data, the water needed should just dissolve 22g NaCl and 25g (NH4)2SO4 When the temperature is 20℃, NaCl ~ H2O 36 g ~ 100 g 22 g ~ 61 g V(H2O) = m′(H2O) /ρ(H2O) = m(H2O) × m′(NaCl) / [m(NaCl) × ρ(H2O)] ≈ 61mL (NH4)2SO4 ~ H2O 75.4 g ~ 100 g 25 g ~ 33 g V(H2O) = m′(H2O) /ρ(H2O) = m(H2O) × m′[(NH4)2SO4] /﹛m[(NH4)2SO4] × ρ(H2O)﹜≈ 33mL 61mL 33mL So about 61mL distilled water is needed to dissolve the salt. To ensure that NaCl can dissolve completely, we should add 70mL ~ 80mL distilled water into the beaker (6) the mixed solution should be heated until the solution is about 65mL-to avoid the crystallization of NaCl. Because the solubility of Na2SO4 decreases when temperature goes up, so when the solution is heated, Na2SO4 crystallizes. (7) the solution should be cooled to about 33℃ because the solubility of Na2SO4·10H2O and Na2SO4 are both the highest at about 32.4℃ according to the solubility data. Then they would not mix with NH4Cl. (8) the method of the examination of NH4Cl is heating. NH4Cl ? NH3↑+ HCl↑ We c