热动专业英第一章.ppt

1.1.5 热力学第二定律 热力学第二定律有多种表述形式。在此列举两种：克劳修斯表述和凯尔文-普朗克表述。 克劳修斯表述：制造一台唯一功能是把热量从低温物体传给高温物体的循环设备是不可能的。 以冰箱（或热泵）为例，不可能制造一台不用输入功就能把热量从低温物体传给高温物体的冰箱，如图1-3(a)所示。 Kelvin-Planck Statement It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no other effect than the production of work and the transfer of heat from a single body. In other words, it is impossible to construct a heat engine that extracts energy from a reservoir, does work, and does not transfer heat to a low-temperature reservoir. This rules out any heat engine that is 100 percent efficient, like the one shown in Fig. 1-3b. 凯尔文-普朗克表述：制造一台从单一热源吸热和做功的循环设备是不可能的。 换句话说，制造这样一台从某一热源吸热并对外做功，而没有与低温热源进行换热的热机是不可能的。因此，该表述说明了不存在工作效率为100%的热机，如图1-3(b)所示。 1.1.6 The Carnot cycle The heat engine that operates the most efficiently between a high-temperature reservoir and a low-temperature reservoir is the Carnot engine. This is an ideal engine that uses reversible processes to form its cycle of operation; such a cycle is Carnot cycle. The Carnot engine is very useful, since its efficiency establishes the maximum possible efficiency of any real engine. If the efficiency of a real engine is significantly lower than the efficiency of a Carnot engine between the same limits, then additional improvements may be possible. The ideal Carnot cycle in Fig.1-4 is composed of four reversible processes: 1→2: Isothermal expansion; 2→3: Adiabatic reversible expansion; 3→4: Isothermal compression; 4→1: Adiabatic reversible compression. The efficiency of a Carnot cycle is Note that the efficiency is increased by raising the temperature TH which heat is added or by lowering the temperature TL at which heat is rejected. 1.1.6 卡诺循环 卡诺机是低温热源和高温热源间运行效率最高的热机。卡诺机是一个理想热机，利用多个可逆过程组成一循环过程，该循环称为卡诺循环。卡诺机非常有用，因为它的运行效率为任何实际热机最大可能的效率。因此，如果一台实际热机的效率要远低于同样条件下的卡诺机效率，则有可能对该热机进行一些改进以提高其效率。 理想的卡诺循环包括四个可逆过程，如图1-4所示：1→2等温膨胀；2→3绝热可逆膨胀；3→4等温压缩；4→1可逆绝热压缩。卡诺循环的效率为: 1.1.7 The Rankine cycle The first class of power cycles that we consider are th