语言学概论第6章重点.docVIP

Chapter?6?Syntax?句法学? 6.1?Syntax：definition?定义? Syntax?is?a?study?of?sentences:sentence?structure?and?formation?句法学就是对句子的学习。? Syntax?can?be?defined?as?the?branch?of?linguistics?that?studies?how?the?words?of?a?language?can?be?combined?to?make?larger?units,?such?as?phrases,?clauses?and?sentences.? 语法可以被定义为语言学的分支研究语言的词汇如何被合并成更大的单位,比如短语和句子,从句。? It?studies?the?interrelationships?between?elements?of?the?sentence?structure?and?the?rules?governing?the?production?of?sentences.?它研究句子中各种成分之间的关系。句法研究语言的句 子结构。? Finite(有限的)number?of?words?and?small?set?of?rules?can?create?infinite?number?of?sentences.有限的单词和少量规则能创造无穷尽的句子。? Syntactic?knowledge:?the?intuition?of?a?native?speaker?about?how?words?are?combined?to?be?phrases?and?and?how?phrases?are?combined?into?sentences.?句法知识:说话者用直觉 知道母语词汇如何结合成词组和短语如何组合成的句子。? 6.2?Grammar，syntax?and?morphology?语法、句法学和形态学? Grammar?：“the?knowledge?and?study?of?the?morphological?and?syntactic?regularities?of?a?natural?language.?”It?excludes?phonetics,?phonology,?semantics.? 语法是关于自然语言形态规则和句法规则的知识和研究。它在语音学，音位学，语义学之外。? Grammar?includes?morphology?and?syntax.语法包括形态学和句法学。? 1）Morphology?studies?the?internal?structures?of?words?and?word?formation?processes.? 形态学是语法的一部分，是研究词语的内部结构和构词过程的语言学分支学科。? 2）Syntax?is?concerned?with?the?relationships?between?words?and?phrases?within?a?sentence.? 它研究句子中词和短句之间的关系。?句子用两种不同方式学习：? Statically(静态的):?we?can?describe?the?structures?of?sentences?to?illustrate?the?relationship?among?the?elements?of?a?sentence；我们可以描述句子结构之间的关系来说明句子的元素。?Dynamically（动态地）:we?can?study?how?sentences?are?generated?by?syntactic?rules.? 我们可以学习生成的句子的语法规则。? ? 6.3?syntagmatic,?paradigmatic?and?hierarchical?relations横组合、纵聚合和等级关系?Syntagmatic?is?a?fundamental?term?in?linguistics，to?refer?to?the?sequential?characteristics?of?speech，seen?as?a?string?of?constituents?in?linear?order.?The?relationships?between?constituents?(syntagms?or?syntagmas?组成成分)in?a?construction?are?generally?called?syntagmatic?relations.?? 横组合是语言学的基本术语，横组合关系指一个单位和同一序列中的其他单位之间的关系，或共现的所有成分间的关系。? Set