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empresasmultinacionales,- u m k c（empresasmultinacionales，u m k c）.doc

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empresasmultinacionales,- u m k c（empresasmultinacionales，u m k c）

Vol. 14 (1) N. 24 – jan./jun. 2005 Multinational enterprises, technological specialization and convergence in catching-up countries: Latin America Ana Urraca Ruiz Abstract Using patent data from EPO from 1978 to 2002, this paper aims to identify the role of MNE in the determination of technological specialization trends and convergence in Argentina, Brazil, Chile and Mexico and the extend to which the technological activity of these companies helps to define the technical distribution of competences in the country. The main findings are: (i) countries are specialized in technical fields less dynamic and pervasive, which explains its strong distance to world; (ii) MNEs exploit home-country advantages thought local advantages more than following the national technical strengths; (iii) MNEs contribute to diversification of local technical base because they are more active in technical fields where catching-up countries are not specialized. Key words: Technological convergence; Technological specialization; Catching-up; Latin America. JEL O330. Growth cycles standards in Brazilian economy: 1947-2003 Marco Flávio da Cunha Resende Abstract By using the Minskyan approach of financial instability and the neo-schumpeterian approach to the relationship between the National System of Innovation (NSI) and economic competitiveness, a standard was obtained for growth cycles of economies with deficient financial system and whose NSI shows deficiencies when compared with the NSI of the developed countries. According to this standard, growth cycles begin with the structuring of financial arrangements and end with exchange crises and collapse of those arrangements. It was concluded that growth cycles in the Brazilian economy between 1947 and 2003 closely followed the above-mentioned standard. Key words: External vulnerability; Financial arrangements; Brazilian economic growth. JEL E12, F37, F43, O11, O3. Reforming Brazilian federal banks: program, doctrinal basis and theo