guidelinesfor drinking-water quality managementfor new（饮用水的质量管理新思路）.docVIP

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guidelinesfor drinking-water quality managementfor new（饮用水的质量管理新思路）.doc

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guidelinesfor drinking-water quality managementfor new（饮用水的质量管理新思路）

Chapter 17: Monitoring, water treatment and drinking-water Contents 17.1 Introduction 2 17.1.1 Test methods 2 17.2 Sampling 3 17.3 Monitoring for process control 6 17.3.1 Planning a monitoring programme 7 17.3.2 Installation 10 17.3.3 Standardisation 11 17.3.4 Process control 13 17.4 Continuous monitoring for compliance 18 17.4.1 Priority 1 determinands 18 17.4.2 Priority 2 determinands and indirect indicators 20 17.4.3 Control limits 20 17.4.4 Recording and storing results 21 17.5 Testing 23 17.5.1 Introduction 23 17.5.2 Appropriate testing 23 17.5.3 Online monitoring 24 17.5.4 Quality assurance, quality control and testing proficiency 26 17.5.5 Accuracy, precision, uncertainty of measurement 27 17.5.6 Referee methods, standards and traceability 30 17.5.7 Calibrating a method against the referee method 32 17.5.8 Reporting the results 33 17.5.9 Records 33 17.6 Comparing test results against a MAV 35 17.6.1 Uncertainties of measurement 35 17.6.2 Comparison of a measurement with a fixed value 37 17.6.3 Approaches considered in developing the method used in the DWSNZ 38 17.6.4 Approach adopted in the DWSNZ 39 17.6.5 Detection 40 References 42 List of tables Table 17.1: Process control monitoring by treatment stage in a conventional process 8 Table 17.2: Instruments and examples of their application 9 Table 17.3: Drinking-water Standards for New Zealand: requirements for continuous online monitoring 22 Table 17.4: Types of precision associated with test results 28 Table 17.5: Suggested report form 34 List of figures Figure 17.1: Typical standard curve applicable to most test parameters 11 Figure 17.2: Closed loop control – a flow paced lime pump with pH correction 13 Figure 17.3: An example of a distributed control arrangement 15 Figure 17.4: An example of a SCADA arrangement 16 Figure 17.5: A telemetry system arrangement 17 Figure 17.6: Hypochlorite ion vs hypochlorous acid at various pH values 20 Figure 17.7: Example of use of control limits 21 17.1 Introduction M