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Thomas Kristensen Satellite Altimetry- possibilities and limitations by Per Knudsen Kort Matrikelstyrelsen Geodetic Department Rentemestervej 8 DK-2400 Copenhagen September 2001 Contents: The system: Principle of altimetry Sampling characteristics Applications: Mean sea surface Sea level variability Sea level changes Operational issues Data services In Europe The System: Principle of altimetry – A space borne tide gauge: S: The distance is measured by the onboard altimeter, H: The position and height of the satellite is computed, SSH = H – S: The sea surface height above a reference ellipsoid is obtained. Altimeter Satellites: The Altimeter: The pulse and its return: The pulse is generated by a 13.5 GigaHz oscillator, transmitted at 1000 Hz, and averaged at 1 sec.s The return of the pulse depends on Distance Surface roughness Significant wave height The Altimeter: The waveform: The waveform depends on Travel time: Distance / height Surface roughness sigma_0 - Windspeed The slope - Significant waveheight Sampling of the Sea Surface Altimeter data are collected along the satellites ground track with a spacing of 7 km – 1 sec averages. Sampling of the Sea Surface One revolution of the satellites orbit takes about 100 - 115 min.s depending on the altitude of the satellite (800 – 1350 km). Hence, the satellite completes 13–14 revolutions per day. Sampling of the Sea Surface The number of tracks, i.e. the track density, depends on the repeat period, e.g. 3 days. The coverage depends on the inclination of the orbit plane. Orbit Parameters Applications 1 Mean sea surface: Reference surface Geo-centric Consistent with GPS / GNSS Example: Mean sea surface from a merge of about 10 years of altimetric sea surface heights. Mean Sea Surface from multi-mission altimetry Applications 2 Sea surface variability: Statistics of variability Sea level anomalies Periodic signals Non-periodic