ppt课件-perspectiveon parallel programming（perspectiveon并行编程）.pptVIP

3/1/05 CS252 s06 Storage CS258 S99 EECS 252 Graduate Computer Architecture Lec 18 – Storage David Patterson Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences University of California, Berkeley /~pattrsn /cs252-s06 Review Virtual Machine Revival Overcome security flaws of modern OSes Processor performance no longer highest priority Manage Software, Manage Hardware “… VMMs give OS developers another opportunity to develop functionality no longer practical in today’s complex and ossified operating systems, where innovation moves at geologic pace .” [Rosenblum and Garfinkel, 2005] Virtualization challenges for processor, virtual memory, I/O Paravirtualization, ISA upgrades to cope with those difficulties Xen as example VMM using paravirtualization 2005 performance on non-I/O bound, I/O intensive apps: 80% of native Linux without driver VM, 34% with driver VM Opteron memory hierarchy still critical to performance Case for Storage Shift in focus from computation to communication and storage of information E.g., Cray Research/Thinking Machines vs. Google/Yahoo “The Computing Revolution” (1960s to 1980s) ? “The Information Age” (1990 to today) Storage emphasizes reliability and scalability as well as cost-performance What is “Software king” that determines which HW acually features used? Operating System for storage Compiler for processor Also has own performance theory—queuing theory—balances throughput vs. response time Outline Magnetic Disks RAID Administrivia Advanced Dependability/Reliability/Availability I/O Benchmarks, Performance and Dependability Intro to Queueing Theory (if we have time) Conclusion Disk Figure of Merit: Areal Density Bits recorded along a track Metric is Bits Per Inch (BPI) Number of tracks per surface Metric is Tracks Per Inch (TPI) Disk Designs Brag about bit density per unit area Metric is Bits Per Square Inch: Areal Density = BPI x TPI Historical Perspective 1956 IBM Ramac — early 1970s Winchester Developed for mainframe computers,