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ppt课件-t h e o r i g i n s o f l i f e（t h e o r我g n s o f l f e）.ppt

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THE ORIGINS OF LIFE Biochemical evolution ? 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS Biochemical evolution Life appeared after a period of chemical reactions According to physical and chemical laws. ? 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS Prebiotic Earth Conditions on the primitive Earth were not the same as those present today No spontaneous generation of life today (Pasteur)… because the necessary conditions no longer exist AbiogenesisOparin (1924): “Primeval soup” theoryHaldane (1929): “Hot, dilute soup” theory. J.B.S. Haldane A.I. Oparin ? 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS Conditions on early Earth Reducing atmosphere on the primitive Earth. No free oxygen (O2) Free hydrogen (H2) and saturated hydrides (CH4, NH3 and H2O) Energy for chemical reactions between these gases could come from electric discharge in storms or solar energy (no ozone layer) The Earth’s surface temperature probably hotter than today. ? 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS The formation of monomers Miller and Urey recreate these conditions in vitro The water is heated and the mixture circulates for many days. H2 NH3 CH4 H2O H2O Heat Electric discharge Samples ? 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS Results After a week 15 amino acids in the mixture Other biologically important molecules had been formed including ethanoic acid, lactic acid and urea Later similar experiments were done using CO2 that produced nucleotides Additonal organic material may have been delivered by comets. Stanley Miller ? 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS Conclusion These experiments cannot reproduce the exact conditions on the primitive Earth We shall never know exactly what happened BUT basic building blocks for the large macromolecules can be synthesised in vitro from inorganic compounds. ? 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS Comets Dirty snowballs Formed in the outer part of the solar system Contain many organic molecules. Comet Hale-Bopp 1997 ? 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS Comet Shoemaker-Levy Collision with Jupiter July 16 through July 22, 1994 ? 2016 Paul Billiet ODWS ‘Comets giveth and comets taketh away