on-line supplementary material a（在线补充材料了）.docVIP

On-line Supplementary Material Multiple effects of changes in Arctic snow cover Terry V. Callaghan, Margareta Johansson, Ross D. Brown, Pavel Ya. Groisman, Niklas Labba, Vladimir Radionov, Raymond S. Bradley, Sylvie Blangy, Olga N. Bulygina, Torben R. Christensen, Jonathan E. Colman, Richard L.H. Essery, Bruce C. Forbes, Mads C. Forchhammer, Vladimir N. Golubev, Richard E. Honrath*, Glenn P. Juday, Anna V. Meshcherskaya, Gareth K. Phoenix, John Pomeroy, Arja Rautio, David A. Robinson, Niels M. Schmidt, Mark C. Serreze, Vladimir P. Shevchenko, Alexander I. Shiklomanov, Andrey B. Shmakin, Peter Sk?ld, Matthew Sturm, Ming-ko Woo, Eric F. Wood *posthumously On-line Supplementary Material A Temperature Inversions Temperature inversions close to the ground surface are characteristic features of Arctic climate, particularly in winter when the ground is snow covered. Stable conditions can persist for weeks, decoupling the surface from atmospheric conditions a few kilometres aloft. They thus affect the surface energy exchange. Studies of inversion characteristics over time show a widespread decline in surface-based inversion depth from the 1950s to the 1980s across Arctic Canada and Alaska (Bradley et al. 1992; Hartmann and Wendler 2005; Bourne 2008). However, over the past 20 years inversion depths have shown no further downward trends at most sites. Circulation changes across the Arctic have contributed significantly to warming (Graversen et al. 2008, and it is likely that such changes have affected the near-surface inversion structure. General circulation models perform poorly at simulating conditions in the near-surface boundary layer and there have been few attempts to use regional models to dynamically downscale GCMs over the Arctic. On-line Supplementary Material B Regional and seasonal variability in sources of moisture for precipitation Within the Arctic drainage basin, maximum monthly precipitation occurs in the summer to autumn period, but the