Endocrine Glands Dr内分泌腺博士. Annette M. Parrott.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Adrenal Cortex Imbalances Hypersecretion leads to Cushing’s disease ACTH-releasing tumors or side effects of corticoid drugs. Hyposecretion leads to Addison’s Disease Deficits in glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids Adrenal Medulla Medulla The adrenal medulla mediates short–term responses by secreting catecholamine hormones. Cells are modified neurons (lack axons) Epinephrine (adrenaline) Norepinephrine (noreadrenaline) enable a rapid ( fight-or-flight ) responses to stress by increasing blood glucose and blood pressure and directing blood to the heart, brain, and skeletal muscles. Pancreas Consists of two major types of secretory tissues which reflects its dual function Exocrine gland secretes digestive juice localized in the acinar cells Endocrine gland releases hormones localized in the islet cells (islets of Langerhans) Pancreatic Islets “About a million” embedded in pancreas Control centers for blood glucose Insulin from beta cells Glucagon from alpha cells Insulin Glucagon Islets of Langerhans Insulin stimulates glucose uptake, glycogenesis Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis, glucose release from liver (vs gluconeogenesis) Feedback Loop A rise in blood glucose causes release of insulin from beta cells the pancreas, promoting glucose uptake in cells and storage as glycogen in the liver.  A fall in blood glucose stimulates alpha cells in the pancreas to secrete glucagon, which causes the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose. Pancreas Homeostatic ImbalancesDiabetes “siphon” mellitus mel= “honey” Symptoms: Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia Blood Level Regulation in Diabetics Gonads Ovaries Estrogens Progesterone Testes Testosterone Reproductive functions when we study reproductive system. Pineal gland Melatonin ? Inhibits early puberty ? Day/night cycles Timing of sleep, body temperature, appetite Secretes melatonin during darkness Participates in setting the body’s clock M