EPOB 3430 2603 EXAM STARTS NEXT TUESDAY AT 埃博霉素B 3430 2603考试下星期二开始在.pptVIP

IPHY 3430 9-23-10 ULCERSProtection against stomach acid 1. Mucosal barrier2. Membranes of mucosal cells impermeable to acid3. Tight junctions between cells4. Rapid turnover of cells Ulcers, cont.Causes:1. Helicobacter pylori a. secretes urease b. flagellae help them tunnel into stomach wall  c. avoid acid producing areas of stomach2. Alcohol, non- steroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs (aspirin, etc)3. Stress induces overproduction of HCl Vomitingstimuli-- Vomiting center in medulla -- motor output -- PNS and SNS output Vomiting, cont.Stimuli:a. toxins in stomachb. pressure receptors at back of throat, tonguec. elevated intracranial pressured. dizzinesse. emotional stress (Psychogenic) Vomiting, cont.Motor output:1. contraction of inspiratory muscles (esp. diaphragm) 2. glottis and epiglottis closure3. abdominal muscles contract4. uvula elevated to close off nasal passages5. Jaw thrusts out, opening pharyngoesophageal sphincterPNS output: Salivation, nauseaSNS output:sweating, increased heart rate DiarrheaCauses:1. Infectious agents2. Food allergies3. Foods that stimulate gut motility4. Psychogenic causesMechanism:Impairment of Na+ uptake, active transport of Cl- into the gut lumen, K+ , HCO3- and water follow back into the gutDistension of gut wall causes contractions ConstipationCauses:1. Low fiber food2. Lack of exercise3. Inadequate fluid intake4. Drugs that decrease gut motility5. Chronic use of laxatives HemorrhoidsCauses:1. all factors that cause constipation2. pregnancy Essential components of diet1. Energy (homeostasis in body weight)2. Water (homeostasis in body water content)3. Ions (homeostasis in ionic content)4. Vitamins5. Essential fatty acids6. Essential amino acids Regulation of food intakeLong-term (regulation of body energy content)Fat cell size--hypothalamus-- food intake ?Fat cell size -- ? leptin -- hypothalamus -- sti