Statistics I Robert Wood Johnson Medical School统计我罗伯特约翰逊医学院.pptVIP

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Statistics I Robert Wood Johnson Medical School统计我罗伯特约翰逊医学院.ppt

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Statistics I Robert Wood Johnson Medical School统计我罗伯特约翰逊医学院

* * One tailed assumes that the difference can happen in one direction only. Two-tailed assumes that the change can happen in either direction. Two-tailed is more rigorous because it splits the probability in half. There are very few situations that would warrant using a one-tailed t-test. * * 1-(1-.05)e#of comparisons * * The ratio of the two sum-of-squares values compares the regression model with the null hypothesis model. The equation to compute r2 is shown in the figure. In this example r2 is 0.8248. The regression model fits the data much better than the null hypothesis, so SSreg is much smaller than SStot, and r2 is near 1.0. If the regression model were not much better than the null hypothesis, r2 would be near zero. In this example, 83% of the total variance in Y is explained by the linear regression model. That leaves the rest of the variance (17% of the total) as variability of the data from the model (SStot). How predictive a model is largely depends on r2. For a standard curve, the closer r2 is to 1.0, the better. If Ssreg is very small relative to Sstot, r2 will approach 1 and Y can almost perfectly predict X. * * * Frog Germ Layer Experiment Germ Layer Surface Tensions Anova/MCT Frog Germ Layer Experiment Germ Layer Surface Tensions Comparison T-test Anova/MCT Endo vs Meso Yes No Endo vs. Ecto Yes No Endo vs Ecto under Yes Yes Meso vs Ecto No No Meso vs Ecto under Yes Yes Ecto vs Ecto under Yes Yes ANOVA The fundamental equation for ANOVA is: From this we can calculate the mean sum of squares by dividing the sum of squares by the degrees of freedom. We can then calculate the F statistic: To calculate sums of squares we first need to calculate two types of means. 1) group means ( X ) 2) the grand mean (X) Sum of squares of each sample (X) minus the grand mean. Sum of squares of each group mean minus the grand mean, multiplied by the number of groups. Sum of squares of each sample (X) minus the group mean. df for ANOVA To calculate the MS BG and