微观经济学名词解释doc.docxVIP

名词解释1.Scarcity（稀缺性）The limited nature of society’s resources.社会资源的有限性。2.Efficiency（效率）The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources.社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益的特性。3.Opportunity Cost（机会成本）Whatever must be given up to obtain some item.为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。4.Market Failure（市场失灵）A situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently.市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。5.Externality（外部性）The impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander.一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。6.Circular-flow Diagram（循环流量图） A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。7.Production Possibilities Frontier（生产可能性边界） A graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时，一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。8.Microeconomics（微观经济学） The study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets.研究家庭和企业如何作出决策，以及他们如何在市场上进行交易。9.Macroeconomics（宏观经济学） The study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation,unemployment, and economic growth.研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。10.Positive Statements（实证表述）Claims that attempt to describe the world as it is.试图描述世界是什么样子的观点。11.Normative Statements（规范表述） Claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be.试图描述世界应该是什么样子的观点。12.Absolute Advantage（绝对优势） The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity.用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。13.Comparative Advantage（比较优势） The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost.一个生产者以低于另一个生产者的机会成本生产一种物品的行为。14.Competitive Market（竞争市场）A market in which there are many buyers and many sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the marketpric有许多买者与买者，以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。15.Law of Demand（需求定理） The claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升，对该物品的需求量减少的观点。16.Normal Good（正常物品