脂肪酸的代谢3分析.pptVIP

* Oxidation at C-15 converts retinol to the aldehyde, retinal (c), and further oxidation produces retinoic acid (d), a hormone that regulates gene expression. Retinal combines with the protein opsin to form rhodopsin (not shown), a visual pigment widespread in nature. In the dark, retinal of rhodopsin is in the 11-cis form (c). When a rhodopsin molecule is excited by visible light, the 11-cis-retinal undergoes a series of photochemical reactions that convert it to all-trans-retinal (e), forcing a change in the shape of the entire rhodopsin molecule. This transformation in the rod cell of the vertebrate retina sends an electrical signal to the brain that is the basis of visual transduction. (a) β-Carotene is the precursor of vitamin A1. Isoprene structural units are set off by dashed red lines. Cleavage of -carotene yields two molecules of vitamin A1 (retinol) (b). Vitamin A1 and its precursor and derivatives 由鲨烯转化为胆固醇 豆甾醇 麦角甾醇 胆固醇的合成是一个高度耗能的过程，合成一个胆固醇需18个乙酰辅酶A，36个ATP，16个NADPH。能源物质过剩时，胆固醇的合成速度加快，午夜时，合成速度较快，膳食固醇类，特别是植物固醇可抑制胆固醇的合成。 Lipoproteins. (a) Structure of a low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100) is one of the largest single polypeptide chains known, with 4,636 amino acid residues (Mr 513,000). (b) Four classes of lipoproteins, visualized in the electron microscope after negative staining. Clockwise from top left: chylomicrons, 50 to 200 nm in diameter; VLDL, 28 to 70 nm; HDL, 8 to 11 nm; and LDL, 20 to 25 nm. 脂类是由脂蛋白运输的 Lipoproteins and lipid transport. (a) Lipids are transported in the bloodstream as lipoproteins, which exist as several variants that have different functions, different protein and lipid compositions, and thus different densities. Dietary lipids are packaged into chylomicrons; much of their triacylglycerol content is released by lipoprotein lipase to adipose and muscle tissues during transport through capillaries. Chylomicron remnants (containing largely protein and cholesterol) are taken up by the liver. Endogenous