Chapter 3 Self-Diffusion and Impurity Diffusion in Group III Metals.pdf

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Chapter 3 Self-Diffusion and Impurity Diffusion in Group III Metals.pdf

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Chapter 3 Self-Diffusion and Impurity Diffusion in Group III Metals

CHAPTER 3 Self-Diffusion and Impurity Diffusion in Group III MetalsContents Tables 3.1. Scandium (Sc) 1233.2. Yttrium (Y) 1243.3. Lanthanum (La) 1253.4. Aluminium (Al) 1263.5. Indium (In) 1333.6. Thallium (Tl) 134FiguresYttrium 135Lanthanum 135Aluminum 136Indium 143Thallium 144References 145Lanthanides (rare earth metals) and Actinides are treated in Chapters 9 and 10. Diffusion investigations in aluminium are accompanied by considerable experimental problems. In air at room temperature oxide films are formed, which can become up to 100 mm thick. This leads to a tracer hold-up in the penetration profiles (near-surface effect, NSE) (see Figure 01.07). Especially, when the tracer layer is dried-on from a salt solution, a pronounced NSE is observed (see e.g. Ref. [34.12]). Careful surface preparation respectively tracer implantation prevent the formation of a marked NSE. In the early tracer investigations applying residual activity measurements and grinder sectioning technique penetration profiles with an entire depth of 5–15 mm (i.e. within the NSE range) were used for the determination of D. The resulting diffusion coefficients are orders of magnitude smaller than the real values (see e.g. [34.55]). Typical values of D0 and Q are 1013 to 1010 m2 s1 and 0.6–0.9 eV [30.01–30.05] (for V, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, Nb, Mo in Al). For self-diffusion investigations an additional difficulty is that the only available radiotracer 26Al has an extremely low specific activity, which needs the deposition of a thick layer. Again, the oxide hold-up results in too small D-values, an effect that increases with decreasing temperature. Only for high temperatures121 122 Self-Diffusion and Impurity Diffusion in Pure Metals(W873 K) the measured self-diffusion coefficients [34.01] are assumed to be quite accurate [34.07]. For actinium (Ac) no data are available. For gallium (Ga) only self-diffusion was investigated close to Tm [30.06]. As in the early diffusion investigations in Al, the evaluated