Tracing from Fat Tissue, Liver, and Pancreas- A Neuroanatomical Framework for the Role of the Brain in Type 2 Diabetes的论文.docVIP

　　Tracing from Fat Tissue, Liver, and Pancreas: A Neuroanatomical Framework for the Role of the Brain in Type 2 Diabetes的论文 herlands institute for brain research (f.k., y.s.k., c.v.h., j.v.d.v., a.k., r.m.b.), 1105 az amsterdam, the herlands department of endocrinology and andmetabolism (f.k., h.p.s., e.f.), academic medical center, university of amsterdam, 1100 dd amsterdam, the herlands department of endocrinology and metabolism (f.k., j.a.r.), leiden university medical center, 2300 rc leiden, the herlands friedrich-loeffler-institute (t.c.m.), federal research institute for animal health, d-17493 insel riems, germany abstract the hypothalamus uses hormones and the autonomic nervous system to balance energy fluxes in the body. here ic nervous system has a distinct organization in different body partments. the same neurons control intraabdominal organs (intraabdominal fat, liver, and pancreas), inal partment receives input from another set of autonomic neurons. this differentiation persists up to preautonomic neurons in the hypothalamus, including the biological clock, that have a distinct organization depending on the body partment they mand. moreover, onstrate a neuronal feedback from adipose tissue that reaches the brainstem. ent-specific organization offers a neuroanatomical perspective for the regional malfunction of organs in type 2 diabetes, etabolism in the liver coincide ented metabolic activity of visceral pared etabolic state of the body. circulating humoral factors, in fact, are averaged ation from specific regions of the body to this global vieation from sc fat tissue to the brain is being transported by the sympathetic nervous system (1). hence, the first part of this study addressed the question of to by injection of the neuronal tracer cholera toxin b (ctb) into intraabdominal adipose tissue. the hypothalamus integrates peripheral signals delivered by the blood (fatty acids, glucose, and hormones) and by neuronal input from peripheral organ