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Caustics, Cold Flows, and Annual Modulation英文文献资料.doc

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Caustics, Cold Flows, and Annual Modulation英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation AdvancesinAstronomy Volume2011,ArticleID285346,11pages doi:10.1155/2011/285346 ResearchArticle Caustics,ColdFlows,andAnnualModulation AravindNatarajan DepartmentofPhysics,McWilliamsCenterforCosmology,CarnegieMellonUniversity, 5000ForbesAvenue,Pittsburgh,PA15213,USA CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoAravindNatarajan,anat@ Received29June2010;Accepted16August2010 AcademicEditor:AndrewFruchter Copyright?2011AravindNatarajan.ThisisanopenaccessarticledistributedundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionLicense, whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkisproperlycited. Wediscusstheformationofdarkmattercaustics,andtheirpossibledetectionbyfuturedarkmatterexperiments.Theannual modulationexpectedintherecoilratemeasuredbyadarkmatterdetectorisdiscussed.Weconsidertheexampleofdarkmatter particleswithaMaxwell-Boltzmannvelocitydistributionmodi?edbyacoldstreamduetoanearbycaustic.Itisshownthatthe e?ectofthecaustic?owispotentiallydetectable,evenwhenthedensityenhancementduetothecausticissmall.Thismakesthe annualmodulatione?ectanexcellentprobeofinnercaustics.Wealsoshowthatthephaseoftheannualmodulationatlowrecoil energiesdoesnotconstraintheparticlemassunlessthevelocitydistributionofparticlesinthesolarneighborhoodisknown. 1.Introduction inversesquarerootofthedistancefromthesmoothcurve. As long as one is far from the boundary between the two regions, a small change in position results in only a small changeinlightintensity.However,closetotheboundary,a smallchangeinpositionleadstoaverylargechangeinlight intensity. Whatwehavedescribedarecalledcatastrophes .Caustics aremadeupofsectionsofcatastrophes(moreprecisely,we areconcernedwith thebifurcationsetofthecatastrophe). The rainbow caustic is a fold catastrophe. The co?ee cup causticofFigure1consistsof2-foldcatastrophesthatjoin together forming a cusp catastrophe. Their properties are described by catastrophe theory which is a branch of singularity theory applied to physica