An Entomopathogenic Nematode by Any Other Name 英文参考文献.docVIP

Opinion AnEntomopathogenicNematodebyAnyOtherName AdlerR.Dillman1,JohnM.Chaston2,ByronJ.Adams3,ToddA.Ciche4,HeidiGoodrich-Blair5,S.Patricia Stock6,PaulW.Sternberg1* 1HowardHughesMedicalInstitute,DivisionofBiology,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofEntomology, CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofBiology,andEvolutionaryEcologyLaboratories,BrighamYoungUniversity,Provo,Utah, United States of America, 4Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America, 5Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America, 6Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson,Arizona,UnitedStatesofAmerica Introduction matidae and Heterorhabditidae associate with pathogenic bacteria to kill insect hosts,usuallywithin48hoursofinfection. The hallmarks of this specific type of parasitism by nematodes, known as en- tomopathogeny, are 1) carriage of patho- genic bacteria by infective juvenile (IJ) nematodes(alsoknownasdauerjuveniles); 2)activehost-seekingand-penetrationby IJs;3)releaseofthebacteriaintotheinsect hemolymph; 4) death of the insect, and nematodereproductionandbacterialpro- liferationdrivenbycadaver-nutrientutili- zation; 5) reassociation of the pathogenic bacteria with new generations of IJs; and 6) emergence of IJs from the nutrient- depleted cadaver as they search for new insect hosts (Figure 1B) [5,6]. Nematode parasitesofthiskindareknownasEPNs. Recently, other nematode species have beenshowntousepathogenicbacteriato parasitize insect hosts. Two Oscheius spe- cies, Oscheius chongmingensis and Oscheius carolinensis, and Caenorhabditis briggsae have been identified as potential insect patho- gens by baiting soil for nematodes using insectlarvaeasprey,acommonapproach usedforfindingEPNs[7–11].Allofthese have been found to associate with insect pathogenic bacteria