Effective Long-Distance Pollen Dispersal in Centaurea jacea 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Effective Long-Distance Pollen Dispersal in Centaurea jacea 英文参考文献.doc

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Effective Long-Distance Pollen Dispersal in Centaurea jacea 英文参考文献

EffectiveLong-DistancePollenDispersalinCentaurea jacea MatthiasAlbrecht1*,PeterDuelli2,MartinK.Obrist2,DavidKleijn3,BernhardSchmid1 1Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, 2Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and LandscapeResearchWSL,Birmensdorf,Switzerland,3CentreforEcosystemStudies,Alterra,Wageningen,TheNetherlands Abstract Background: Agri-environment schemes play an increasingly important role for the conservation of rare plants in intensivelymanagedagriculturallandscapes.However,littleisknownabouttheireffectsongeneflowviapollendispersal betweenpopulationsofthesespecies. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Ina2-yearexperiment,weobservedeffectivepollendispersalfromsourcepopulationsof Centaureajaceainrestoredmeadows,themostwidespreadSwissagri-environmentscheme,topottedplantsinadjacent intensively managed meadows without other individuals of this species. Potted plants were put in replicated source populations at 25, 50, 100m and where possible 200m distance from these source populations. Pollen transfer among isolatedplantswaspreventedbytemporarybagging,suchthatonlyoneisolatedplantwasaccessibleforflowervisitorsat any one time. Because C. jacea is self-incompatible, seed set in single-plant isolates indicated insect mediated effective pollendispersalfromthesourcepopulation.Seedsetwashigherinsourcepopulations(35.764.4)thaninisolates(4.861.0). Seedsetdeclinedfrom18.9%ofthatinsourcepopulationsatadistanceof25mto7.4%at200m.Atadistanceof200m seed set was still significantly higher in selfed plants, indicating long-distance effective pollen dispersal up to 200m. Analysesofcovariancesuggestedthatbeescontributedmorethanfliestothislong-distancepollendispersal.Wefound evidence that pollen dispersal to single-plant isolates was positively affected by the diversity and flower abundance of neighboringplantspeciesintheintensivelymanagedmeadow. Furthermore,thedeclineofthedispersalwaslesssteep when