Effects of Population Size on Synchronous Display of Female and Male Flowers and Reproductive Output in Two Monoecious Sagittaria Species 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Effects of Population Size on Synchronous Display of Female and Male Flowers and Reproductive Output in Two Monoecious Sagittaria Species 英文参考文献.doc

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Effects of Population Size on Synchronous Display of Female and Male Flowers and Reproductive Output in Two Monoecious Sagittaria Species 英文参考文献

EffectsofPopulationSizeonSynchronousDisplayof FemaleandMaleFlowersandReproductiveOutputin TwoMonoeciousSagittariaSpecies XiufangWang1,2,WenZhou1,2,JingLu1,2,HaibinWang1,2,ChanXiao1,JingXia1,GuihuaLiu1* 1KeyLaboratoryofAquaticBotanyandWatershedEcology,WuhanBotanicalGarden,theChineseAcademyofSciences,Wuhan,China,2GraduateSchooloftheChinese AcademyofSciences,Beijing,China Abstract Background: Flowering synchrony and floral sex ratio have the potential to influence the mating opportunities and reproductivesuccessthroughfemalefunction.Here,weexaminethevariancesinsynchronousdisplayoffemaleandmale function, ratio of male to female flowers per day and subsequently reproductive output in small populations of two monoeciousplants,SagittariatrifoliaandSagittariagraminea. Methodology/PrincipalFinding:Wecreatedplantpopulationsofsize2,4,10and20andrecordedthedailynumberof bloomingmaleandfemaleflowersperplanttodeterminedailyfloraldisplay,floweringsynchronyindexandratioofmale tofemaleflowersperday.Wealsoharvestedthefruits,countedtheseedsandcalculatedthenumberoffruitsandseedsper flowertomeasurereproductivesuccessthroughfemalefunction.Thereislessoverlapinfloweringtimeoffemaleandmale functioninsmallerpopulationsthaninlargerpopulations.Mostimportantly,wefoundthatmale-biasedfloralsexratioand imbalanceddisplayperiodoffemaleandmalefunctionforindividualplantcanleadtoapopulation-size-dependentratioof maletofemaleflowersperday.Increasingratioofmaletofemaleflowersperdaywasgenerallyassociatedwithagreater percentageoffruitproduction. Conclusions/Significance: Ourresultshighlighttheimportanceoffloweringsynchronyoffemaleandmalefunctionand population-size-dependentratioofmaletofemaleflowersperdayforfemalereproductivesuccess.Thisfindingimproves ourunderstandingofamechanismthatreducesreproductivesuccessinsmallpopulations. Citation:WangX,ZhouW,LuJ,WangH,XiaoC,etal.(2012)EffectsofPopulationSizeonSynchronousDisplayofFemaleandMaleFlowersandReproductive OutputinTwoMonoeciousSagittariaSpecies.PLoSONE7(10