Egg Eviction Imposes a Recoverable Cost of Virulence in Chicks of a Brood Parasite 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Egg Eviction Imposes a Recoverable Cost of Virulence in Chicks of a Brood Parasite 英文参考文献.doc

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Egg Eviction Imposes a Recoverable Cost of Virulence in Chicks of a Brood Parasite 英文参考文献

EggEvictionImposesaRecoverableCostofVirulencein ChicksofaBroodParasite MichaelG.Anderson1,CsabaMoska′t2,Miklo′sBa′n3,Toma′sˇ Grim4,PhillipCassey5,MarkE.Hauber6* 1Ecology andConservation Group,Institute ofNaturalScience,Massey University, AlbanyCampus,Auckland, NewZealand, 2Animal Ecology ResearchGroupofthe HungarianAcademyofSciences,HungarianNaturalHistoryMuseum,Budapest,Hungary,3BehaviouralEcologyResearchGroup,DepartmentofEvolutionaryZoology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary, 4Department of Zoology and Laboratory of Ornithology, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic, 5Centre for Ornithology,SchoolofBiosciences,UniversityofBirmingham,Edgbaston,UnitedKingdom,6DepartmentofPsychology,HunterCollege,CityUniversityofNewYork,New York,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Chicks of virulent brood parasitic birds eliminate their nestmates and avoid costly competition for foster parental care. Yet, efforts to evict nest contents by the blind and naked common cuckoo Cuculus canorus hatchling are counterintuitiveasbothadultparasitesandlargeoldercuckoochicksappeartobebettersuitedtotossingtheeggsand youngofthefosterparents. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we show experimentally that egg tossing imposed a recoverable growth cost of massgainincommoncuckoochicksduringthenestlingperiodinnestsofgreatreedwarblerAcrocephalusarundinaceus hosts.Growthratesofskeletaltraitsandmorphologicalvariablesinvolvedinthesolicitationoffosterparentalcareremained similarbetweenevictorandnon-evictorchicksthroughoutdevelopment.Wealsodetectednoincreaseinpredationrates for evicting nests, suggesting that egg tossing behavior by common cuckoo hatchlings does not increase the conspicuousnessofnests. Conclusion:Thetemporarygrowthcostofeggevictionbycommoncuckoohatchlingsistheresultofconstraintsimposed byrejecterhostadultsandcompetitivenestmatesonthetimingandmechanismofparasitevirulence. Citation:AndersonMG,Moska′tC,Ba′nM,GrimT,CasseyP,etal.(2009)EggEvictionImposesaRecoverableC