Endocrine Activity of Extraembryonic Membranes Extends beyond Placental Amniotes 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Endocrine Activity of Extraembryonic Membranes Extends beyond Placental Amniotes 英文参考文献.doc

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Endocrine Activity of Extraembryonic Membranes Extends beyond Placental Amniotes 英文参考文献

EndocrineActivityofExtraembryonicMembranes ExtendsbeyondPlacentalAmniotes LoriC.Albergotti1,HeatherJ.Hamlin1,MichaelW.McCoy1,2,LouisJ.Guillette,Jr.1* 1DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofBiology,BostonUniversity,Boston,Massachusetts,United StatesofAmerica Abstract Background: During development, all amniotes (mammals, reptiles, and birds) form extraembryonic membranes, which regulate gas and water exchange, remove metabolic wastes, provide shock absorption, and transfer maternally derived nutrients.Inviviparous(live-bearing)amniotes,bothextraembryonicmembranesandmaternaluterinetissuescontributeto the placenta, an endocrine organ that synthesizes, transports, and metabolizes hormones essential for development. Historically,endocrinepropertiesoftheplacentahavebeenviewedasaninnovationofplacentalamniotes.However,an endocrine role of extraembryonic membranes has not been investigated in oviparous (egg-laying) amniotes despite similaritiesintheirbasicstructure,function,andsharedevolutionaryancestry.Inthisstudy,weaskwhethertheoviparous chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of chicken (Gallus gallus) has the capability to synthesize and receive signaling of progesterone,amajorplacentalsteroidhormone. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:WequantifiedmRNAexpressionofkeysteroidogenicenzymesinvolvedinprogesterone synthesisandfoundthat3b-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase,whichconvertspregnenolonetoprogesteroneexhibiteda464 foldincreaseintheCAMfromday8today18ofembryonicdevelopment(F5, 68=89.282,p,0.0001).Tofurtherinvestigate progesterone synthesis, we performed explant culture and found that the CAM synthesizes progesterone in vitro in the presenceofasteroidprecursor.Finally,wequantifiedmRNAexpressionandperformedproteinimmunolocalizationofthe progesteronereceptorintheCAM. Conclusions/Significance:Collectively,ourdataindicatethatthechickCAMissteroidogenicandhasthecapabilitytoboth synthesize progesterone and receive progesterone sign