Eliminating Lymphatic Filariasis, Onchocerciasis, and Schistosomiasis from the Americas Breaking a Historical Legacy of Slavery 英文参考文献.docVIP

HistoricalProfilesandPerspectives EliminatingLymphaticFilariasis,Onchocerciasis,and SchistosomiasisfromtheAmericas:BreakingaHistorical LegacyofSlavery PatrickJ.Lammie1*,JohnF.Lindo2,3,W.EvanSecor1,JavierVasquez2,StevenK.Ault2, MarkL.Eberhard1 1DivisionofParasiticDiseases,CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention,Atlanta,Georgia,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2PanAmericanHealthOrganization/WorldHealth Organization,Washington,D.C.,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3TheUniversityoftheWestIndies,Kingston,Jamaica The2007bicentennialoftheenactment ofthebilltoabolishthetransatlanticslave trade in the British Empire has focused new attention on the historical legacy of slavery and its human and social con- sequences. Beyond the societal impact of slavery, which continues to the present day, the transportation of millions of persons from sub-Saharan Africa to the New World also resulted in the importa- tion of a number of parasitic diseases to the Americas. Lymphatic filariasis (LF), schistosomiasis, and onchocerciasis were most likely imported to the Americas via theslavetrade;thepresenceofcompetent vectors (such as mosquitoes, black flies, velopmentintheUnitedStatesandinthe Caribbean led to the spontaneous disap- pearance of LF in some areas and sub- stantial declines in the prevalence of infection in others [7]. Ongoing trans- mission in the Western Hemisphere, now limited to four countries (Brazil, the DominicanRepublic,Haiti,andGuyana), is concentrated in impoverished settings and appears to be a growing problem in urban slums. LF elimination programs based on the mass distribution of anti- filarial drugs have been developed in all pletingtheinterruptionoftransmissionin the remaining active foci must now be validated[10]. 2007 also marks the centenary of the first description of Schistosoma mansoni , the causative agent of schistosomiasis in the Americas. Schistosomiasis was once widespreadthroughouttheCaribbeanand SouthAmericaandwasamajorcauseof hepaticfibrosisanddeath.Throughselec- ti