Entropy Explains Aging, Genetic Determinism Explains Longevity, and Undefined Terminology Explains Misunderstanding Both 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Entropy Explains Aging, Genetic Determinism Explains Longevity, and Undefined Terminology Explains Misunderstanding Both 英文参考文献.doc

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Entropy Explains Aging, Genetic Determinism Explains Longevity, and Undefined Terminology Explains Misunderstanding Both 英文参考文献

Editorial EntropyExplainsAging,Genetic DeterminismExplainsLongevity, andUndefinedTerminology ExplainsMisunderstandingBoth Leonard Hayflick C ommunicationinthe?eldof biogerontologyisamine?eld becauseallofthecommonly reached,thoughtisdividedwith respecttowhethertheemergingaging processisacontinuationofthegenetic programorwhetheritistheresultof theaccumulationofrandom, irreparablelossesinmolecular?delity. Thedeterministicdreamof19th centuryphysicistswastorpedoedinthe 20thcenturywithHeisenberg’s discoveryoftheuncertaintyprinciple. Infact,thefundamentallawsofphysics canonlybeexpressedasprobabilities. Themostcompellingevidenceforthe beliefthatbiologicalagingisalsoa randomprocessisthateverythingin theuniversechangesoragesinspace- timewithoutbeingdrivenbya purposefulprogram.Althoughthereis nodirectevidencethatgenesdriveage changes,theircriticalroleinlongevity determinationisindisputable. biologicalagingischangeinmolecular structureand,hence,function.These changesaretheresultofentropic changes,whichisnowsupportedbythe recentreinterpretationoftheSecond LawofThermodynamics,wherethe beliefthatitonlyappliestoclosed systemshasbeenoverturned[5]. Entropyisthetendencyfor usedtermshavenouniversally acceptedde?nitions.Inaseriesof?ve annualmeetingsthatIchairedrecently inanattempttode?necommonterms, thedozenormoreexpertswho attendedcouldnotagreeonthe de?nitionofalmostallofthem, including‘‘aging.’’Thecommitteewas disbandedandthecommunications dilemmaremains. ‘‘Aging,BenchtoBedside,’’the collectionofminireviewspublishedas aseriesinthisjournal,isrepresentative ofthisunsolvedproblem.Notonly doestheproblemresultin concentratedenergytodispersewhen unhinderedregardlessofwhetherthe systemisopenorclosed.The hindranceofentropicchangeisthe relativestrengthofchemicalbonds. Thepreventionofchemicalbond breakage,amongotherstructural changes,isabsolutelyessentialforlife. Throughevolution,naturalselection hasfavoredenergystatescapableof maintaining?delityinmostmolecules untilreproductivematuration,aft