Environmental Sex Determination in the Branchiopod Crustacean Daphnia magna Deep Conservation of a Doublesex Gene in the Sex-Determining Pathway 英文参考文献.docVIP

EnvironmentalSexDeterminationintheBranchiopod CrustaceanDaphniamagna:DeepConservationofa DoublesexGeneintheSex-DeterminingPathway YasuhikoKato1,KaoruKobayashi2,3,HajimeWatanabe1,TaisenIguchi2,3* 1DepartmentofBiotechnology,GraduateSchoolofEngineering,OsakaUniversity,Osaka,Japan,2OkazakiInstituteforIntegrativeBioscience,NationalInstituteforBasic Biology,NationalInstitutesofNaturalSciences,Aichi,Japan,3DepartmentofBasicBiology,TheGraduateSchoolforAdvancedStudies,Aichi,Japan Abstract Sex-determining mechanisms arediverse among animal lineagesand canbe broadly divided into twomajor categories: geneticandenvironmental.Incontrasttogeneticsexdetermination(GSD),littleisknownaboutthemolecularmechanisms underlyingenvironmentalsexdetermination(ESD).TheDoublesex(Dsx)genesplayanimportantroleincontrollingsexual dimorphism in genetic sex-determining organisms such as nematodes, insects, and vertebrates. Here we report the identification of two Dsx genes from Daphnia magna, a freshwater branchiopod crustacean that parthenogenetically producesmalesinresponsetoenvironmentalcues.Oneofthesegenes,designatedDapmaDsx1,isresponsibleforthemale traitdevelopmentwhenexpressedduringenvironmentalsexdetermination.ThedomainorganizationofDapmaDsx1was similartothatofDsxfrominsects,whicharethoughttobethesistergroupofbranchiopodcrustaceans.Intriguingly,the molecular basis for sexually dimorphic expression of DapmaDsx1 is different from that of insects. Rather than being regulatedsex-specificallyatthelevelofpre–mRNAsplicinginthecodingregion,DapmaDsx1exhibitssexuallydimorphic differences in the abundance of its transcripts. During embryogenesis, expression of DapmaDsx1 was increased only in malesanditstranscriptswereprimarilydetectedinmale-specificstructures.Knock-downofDapmaDsx1inmaleembryos resulted in the production of female traits including ovarian maturation, whereas ectopic expression of DapmaDsx1 in femaleembryosresultedinthedevelopmentofmale-likephenotypes.ExpressionpatternsofanotherD.magnaDs